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Dutch sentence structure

Dutch word order on one page: the verb-second rule, inversion, questions, separable verbs, omdat clauses and both past tenses. Start by building 75 everyday sentences yourself, then read the pattern behind each one. Free, no account.

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The everyday statement: who, verb, when, what, where

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The one rule

The verb sits in second place. Always.

Dutch word order looks chaotic until you see the one thing holding it together: in a normal statement the conjugated verb is the second element. Not the second word, the second block. Everything else moves around it.

That is why "Morgen ik ga naar de tandarts" sounds broken to Dutch ears, and "Morgen ga ik naar de tandarts" sounds fine. The word morgen took position one, so the verb had to stay in position two and the subject slid behind it.

A second verb never fights for that spot. It waits at the end of the sentence, however long the sentence gets.

Three sentences, one rule. Ik ga morgen naar de tandarts. / Morgen ga ik naar de tandarts. / Ik moet morgen naar de tandarts gaan. The verb never leaves position two, and gaan waits at the back.

The building blocks

Six slots, and the question each one answers

Dutch sentences are built from fixed parts. Learn the question behind each slot and you can build a sentence without translating word for word from English.

SlotQuestionExamples
Wie (subject)Who does it?ik, jij, hij, wij, de kinderen, mijn buurman
WerkwoordWhat happens?ga, werkt, eten, help, was
Wanneer (time)When? How often?vandaag, elke dag, om acht uur, morgen, altijd
Wat (object)What or who receives it?de boodschappen, pizza, de huur, je jas
Waar (place)Where?thuis, op kantoor, in de keuken, naar school
2e werkwoordAny extra verb?doen, gaan, kijken, or a participle like gewerkt
The trap for English speakers is the order of the middle bit. English says "I work at the office every day", Dutch says time before place: "Ik werk elke dag op kantoor". Get that one habit right and half your sentences start sounding Dutch.

Regular

Normal order

The everyday statement. Order: Wie, Werkwoord, Wanneer, Wat, Waar, 2e werkwoord.

1. Wie2. Werkwoord3. Wanneer4. Wat5. Waar6. 2e werkwoord
Edgaatvandaagde boodschappenbij de supermarktdoen
Ikwerkelke daghardop kantoor
Wijetenvanavondpizzathuis
Mijn buurmanwastelke zaterdagzijn autoop straat

Inversion

Inversion, when you do not start with the subject

Start the sentence with a time or a place and the verb and subject swap places. The verb keeps position two, the subject follows it.

1. Wanneer / Waar2. Werkwoord3. Wie4. Wat5. Waar6. 2e werkwoord
VandaaggaatEdde boodschappenbij de supermarktdoen
Morgenwerkikniet
Om acht uurbegintde filmin de bioscoop
Thuisetenwijpizza
Why bother? Because it changes the emphasis. "Ik ga morgen naar de tandarts" is neutral. "Morgen ga ik naar de tandarts" puts the weight on tomorrow. Dutch speakers open with time constantly, so this is not an advanced trick. It is daily speech.

Yes/no question · Question word

Questions

Yes/no questions: verb first

There is no Dutch equivalent of "do". You simply move the verb to the front.

  • Woon jij in Amsterdam?Do you live in Amsterdam?
  • Werkt zij op zaterdag?Does she work on Saturdays?
  • Heeft u vanochtend al gegeten?Have you eaten this morning?

One thing to watch: with jij the verb loses its -t when it comes first. Jij werkt becomes Werk jij? That drop only happens with jij and je.

Question words

WordEnglishAsks forExample
wiewhoa personWie haalt de kinderen op?
watwhata thingWat doe je nu?
waarwherea placeWaar woon je?
wanneerwhena timeWanneer begint de les?
waaromwhya reasonWaarom neem je de trein?
hoehowa mannerHoe gaat het met je?
hoeveelhow much/manya numberHoeveel suiker doe je erin?
welkewhicha choiceWelke trui trek je aan?

The pattern is always the same: question word, verb, subject, the rest. Waar werk jij? Hoe laat komt de bus?

Imperative

Instructions

An instruction drops the subject completely and opens with the bare verb stem.

  • Doe vandaag de boodschappen.Do the shopping today.
  • Was eerst je handen.Wash your hands first.
  • Neem je jas mee.Take your coat with you.

For a polite version, add u: "Komt u binnen." "Blijft u rustig zitten." That sounds friendlier than the bare stem, which can come across as blunt to a stranger.

Modal verb · Separable verb

Two verbs: the second one goes to the end

With willen, kunnen, moeten, mogen, zullen and gaan the main action moves to the back of the sentence as an infinitive.

1. Wie2. Modal3. Wanneer4. Wat5. Waar6. Infinitive
Ikwilvanavondeen filmkijken
Wijmoetenmorgende huurbetalen
Jijmagnunaar buitengaan

This is the habit English speakers lose sleep over. "I want to watch a film tonight" keeps the verbs together. Dutch pulls them apart and parks kijken at the end. The longer the middle, the stranger it feels, and the more Dutch it sounds.

Separable verbs do the same thing

Verbs like opstaan, aankleden, meenemen, uitleggen and opbellen break in half in a main clause. The prefix goes to the end.

Full verbIn a sentence
opstaanIk sta elke dag om zeven uur op.
meenemenNeem je jas mee.
opbellenZij belt vanavond haar moeder op.
uitleggenIk leg het rustig uit.

In a subordinate clause they glue back together: "...omdat ik om zeven uur opsta."

Subordinate · Clause first

Subordinate clauses: every verb to the end

A subordinate clause starts with a conjunction, and from that point on all the verbs collect at the end. Order: conjunction, Wie, Wanneer, Wat, Waar, verb(s).

ConjunctionWieWanneerWatWaarVerbVerb
omdatEdvandaagde boodschappenbij de supermarktgaatdoen
terwijlde kinderenin de tuinspelen
alsjemorgentijdhebt

The conjunctions worth knowing

WordEnglishUseExample
omdatbecausereasonIk blijf thuis, omdat ik ziek ben.
datthatcontentIk denk dat het goed komt.
alsif / whenconditionAls het regent, neem ik de bus.
terwijlwhileat the same timeIk kook terwijl de kinderen spelen.
toenwhen (past)one moment in the pastToen ik klein was, woonde ik in Spanje.
wanneerwhentime, questionsIk weet niet wanneer hij komt.
voordatbeforeearlier thanVoordat ik begin, drink ik koffie.
nadatafterlater thanNadat ik klaar ben, ruim ik op.
zodatso thatpurposeIk leg het uit, zodat je het snapt.
hoewelalthoughcontrastHoewel het regent, gaan we lopen.
zodraas soon asright afterIk bel je zodra ik thuis ben.
doordatbecause (cause)cause, nobody's choiceDoordat het glad was, viel hij.

Put the clause first and the main sentence flips

If you open with the subordinate clause, that whole clause counts as position one. So after the comma comes the verb, then the subject.

  • Omdat ik ziek ben, blijf ik thuis.Because I am ill, I am staying home.
  • Als het regent, neem ik de bus.If it rains, I take the bus.
  • Toen ik klein was, woonde ik in Spanje.When I was little, I lived in Spain.

en, maar, want, of, dus

en, maar, want, of, dus: nothing moves

These five link two full sentences and leave the word order completely alone.

WordEnglishExample
enandIk kook en jij doet de afwas.
maarbutHet regent, maar we gaan toch lopen.
wantbecauseIk blijf thuis, want ik ben ziek.
oforWil je de blauwe of de grijze trui?
dussoHet regent, dus ik neem de bus.
want vs omdat. Same meaning, different effect on the verb. "Ik blijf thuis, want ik ben ziek." The verb stays put. "Ik blijf thuis, omdat ik ziek ben." The verb goes to the end. If word order is stressing you out, use want. It is completely normal Dutch and nothing moves.

Prepositions

Prepositions

Prepositions mark place, time and direction. These are the ones you will meet every day.

DutchEnglishExample
aanat, toIk zit aan tafel.
achterbehindDe auto staat achter het huis.
bijat, nearHij werkt bij een bank.
bovenaboveMijn kamer is boven.
doorthroughWe lopen door het park.
ininIk woon in Utrecht.
metwith, byIk ga met de trein.
naafterNa het werk ga ik naar huis.
naarto, towardsWij gaan naar huis.
omat (a time)Om acht uur begin ik.
onderunderDe kat ligt onder de tafel.
oponHet boek ligt op de tafel.
overabout, overWe praten over het weer.
sindssinceIk woon hier sinds 2020.
tegenagainstDe fiets staat tegen de muur.
tijdensduringTijdens de vakantie lezen we veel.
totuntilIk werk tot vijf uur.
uitfrom, out ofIk kom uit Portugal.
vanof, fromDit is de fiets van mijn zus.
voorfor, beforeDit pakje is voor jou.
zonderwithoutIk ga niet zonder jas naar buiten.

Verbs that come with a fixed preposition

These pairs are not logical and translating them from English will get you the wrong one. Learn each pair as a single item.

DutchEnglishExample
wachten opto wait forIk wacht op de bus.
denken aanto think ofIk denk aan mijn familie.
houden vanto love, to likeIk hou van koffie.
luisteren naarto listen toLuister naar dit liedje.
vragen omto ask forHij vraagt om hulp.
letten opto pay attention toLet op de tijd.
zorgen voorto take care ofIk zorg voor de kat van de buren.
praten overto talk aboutWe praten over de vakantie.

Perfect

Perfectum: hebben or zijn, plus a participle at the end

This is the past tense you use in conversation. Put hebben or zijn in position two and the participle at the end.

Wiehebbenrest of the sentenceParticiple
Ikhebgisteren hardgewerkt
Jijhebtbroodgekocht
Wijhebbengisteravond pizzagegeten
Wiezijnrest of the sentenceParticiple
Ikbennaar huisgegaan
Zijisziekgeweest
Wijzijnom acht uurvertrokken

When do you use zijn?

Three groups, and they cover almost everything:

  • Movement from A to Bgaan, komen, reizen, vertrekken, vallen, fietsen naar
  • A change of stateworden, groeien, beginnen, stoppen, sterven
  • Alwayszijn, blijven

Building the participle: 't kofschip

Most participles are ge + stem + t or d. Which one? Look at the last letter of the stem. If it appears in 't kofschip (t, k, f, s, ch, p) you write -t. Otherwise -d.

  • werken → stem werk, ends in k → gewerktk is in 't kofschip
  • horen → stem hoor, ends in r → gehoordr is not in 't kofschip
  • betalen → stem betaal, ends in l → betaaldand no ge-, because it already starts with be-

Verbs that already start with be-, ge-, ver-, ont- or her- skip the ge-. Betalen becomes betaald, not "gebetaald". The common irregulars are worth memorising as a block: gaan → gegaan, zien → gezien, doen → gedaan, eten → gegeten, komen → gekomen, nemen → genomen.

Imperfect

Imperfectum: for stories and habits

Regular verbs take the stem plus -te(n) or -de(n), and 't kofschip decides again.

VerbPast (ik)Example
werkenwerkteIk werkte elke dag.
wonenwoondeWij woonden in Rotterdam.
makenmaakteZij maakte het eten.

The irregular ones you cannot avoid: zijn → was/waren, hebben → had/hadden, gaan → ging(en), zien → zag(en), doen → deed(en), komen → kwam(en), kunnen → kon(den), moeten → moest(en).

Which past tense do I use? Perfect for one finished event: "Ik heb gisteren gewerkt." Imperfect for a habit or a background in a story: "Vroeger werkte ik in Rotterdam." In everyday speech Dutch people reach for the perfect far more often, so if you have to pick one to master first, pick that.

Overview

All the patterns on one page

One verb, wassen, in every sentence type. Read this column top to bottom and the whole system fits on a screen.

TypeThe verb sits...Example
Normalin position twoIk was elke ochtend mijn handen.
Inversionin position two, subject afterElke ochtend was ik mijn handen.
Yes/no questionfirstWas jij je handen?
Question wordafter the question wordWanneer was jij je handen?
Instructionfirst, no subjectWas je handen.
Modal verbsecond, infinitive at the endIk moet mijn handen wassen.
Subordinate clauseall verbs at the end...omdat ik mijn handen was.
Perfecthebben second, participle at the endIk heb mijn handen gewassen.

FAQ

Frequently asked questions

What is the basic Dutch word order?

Subject, verb, time, object, place, second verb. "Ik werk elke dag op kantoor." The conjugated verb is the fixed point in second position, and everything else arranges itself around it.

Why does the verb go to the end so often?

It only does that in two situations: when it is a second verb (an infinitive or a participle), and inside a subordinate clause after omdat, dat, als, terwijl and friends. In a plain main clause the verb never moves back.

Is Dutch word order the same as German?

Close, and that helps if you know German. The verb-second rule and the verb-final subordinate clause work the same way. Dutch is more relaxed about the order inside the middle section and has no cases, so the endings do not shift on you.

Do I have to say the time before the place?

Yes, that is the standard order: "Ik werk elke dag op kantoor", not "op kantoor elke dag". The reverse is not fatal and people will understand you, but the time-first version is what sounds native.

Should I use want or omdat?

Both mean because. Want leaves the word order alone, omdat sends the verb to the end. While you are building confidence, use want in speech and practise omdat in writing, where you have time to think.

Does word order matter for the inburgering exam?

For speaking, examiners mainly score whether your message comes across, and a wobbly order rarely blocks that. For the writing parts it counts more, because the mistake is right there on the page. The verb-second rule and the omdat clause are the two that show up most.

How do I stop translating from English in my head?

Build sentences from the slots instead of from the English. Ask who, then what happens, then when, then what, then where. It feels mechanical for about two weeks, then it becomes the way you think.

Word order is one piece. Your exam needs the rest.

Reading the rules is the easy part. Dutch Daily gives you a daily lesson, writing checked sentence by sentence with an improved version back, and speaking practice with real voices. From nothing to A2 in 4 to 6 months.

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